17Useful Information This appendix is broken into several tables. Table 17.1, Important Constants Table 17.2, Submicroscopic Masses Table 17.3, Solar System Data Table 17.4, Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols Table 17.5, The Greek Alphabet Table 17.6, SI units Table 17.7, Selected British Units Table 17.8, Other Units Table 17.9, Useful Formulae Table 17.1. Important Constants [Note: Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, www.physics.nist.gov/cuu (2018 values). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.] Symbol Meaning Best Value Approximate Value c Speed of light in vacuum 2.99792458×108m/s 3.00×108m/s G Gravitational constant 6.67430(15)×10−11N⋅m2/kg2 6.67×10−11N⋅m2/kg2 NA Avogadro’s number 6.02214076×1023 6.02×1023 k Boltzmann’s constant 1.380649×10−23J/K 1.38×10−23J/K R Gas constant 8.314462618J/mol⋅K 8.31J/mol⋅K σ Stefan-Boltzmann constant 5.670374419×10−8W/m2⋅K 5.67×10−8W/m2⋅K k Coulomb force constant 8.9875517923(13)×109N⋅m2/C2 8.99×109N⋅m2/C2 e Elementary charge 1.602176634×10−19C 1.60×10−19C ε0 Permittivity of free space 8.8541878128(13)×10−12C2/N⋅m2 8.85×10−12C2/N⋅m2 μ0 Permeability of free space 4π×10−7T⋅m/A 1.26×10−6T⋅m/A h Planck’s constant 6.62607015×10−34J⋅s 6.63×10−34J⋅s Table 17.2. Submicroscopic Masses [Note: Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, www.physics.nist.gov/cuu (2018 values). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.] Symbol Meaning Best Value Approximate Value me Electron mass 9.1093837015(28)×10−31kg 9.11×10−31kg mp Proton mass 1.67262192369(51)×10−27kg 1.67×10−27kg mn Neutron mass 1.67492749804(95)×10−27kg 1.67×10−27kg u Atomic mass unit 1.66053906660(50)×10−27kg 1.66×10−27kg Table 17.3. Solar System Data Sun mass 1.99×1030kg average radius 6.96×108m Earth-sun distance (average) 1.496×1011 m Earth mass 5.9736×1024kg average radius 6.376×106m orbital period 3.16×107 s Moon mass 7.35×1022kg average radius 1.74×106m orbital period (average) 2.36×106 s Earth-moon distance (average) 3.84×108 m Table 17.4. Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols Prefix Symbol Value Prefix Symbol Value tera T 1012 deci d 10−1 giga G 109 centi c 10−2 mega M 106 milli m 10−3 kilo k 103 micro μ 10−6 hecto h 102 nano n 10−9 deka da 101 pico p 10−12 — — 100(=1) femto f 10−15 Table 17.5. The Greek Alphabet Alpha Α α Eta Η η Nu Ν ν Tau Τ τ Beta Β β Theta Θ θ Xi Ξ ξ Upsilon Υ υ Gamma Γ γ Iota Ι ι Omicron Ο ο Phi Φ ϕ Delta Δ δ Kappa Κ κ Pi Π π Chi Χ χ Epsilon Ε ε Lambda Λ λ Rho Ρ ρ Psi Ψ ψ Zeta Ζ ζ Mu Μ μ Sigma Σ σ Omega Ω ω Table 17.6. SI Units Entity Abbreviation Name Fundamental units Length m meter Mass kg kilogram Time s second Current A ampere Supplementary unit Angle rad radian Derived units Force N=kg⋅m/s2 newton Energy J=kg⋅m2/s2 joule Power W=J/s watt Pressure Pa=N/m2 pascal Frequency Hz=1/s hertz Electronic potential V=J/C volt Capacitance F=C/V farad Charge C=s⋅A coulomb Resistance Ω=V/A ohm Magnetic field T=N/(A⋅m) tesla Nuclear decay rate Bq=1/s becquerel Table 17.7. Selected British Units Length 1inch(in)=2.54cm(exactly) 1foot(ft)=12in=0.3048m 1yard(yd)=3ft=0.9144m 1mile(mi)=1760yd=1.609km Force 1 pound (lb)=4.448 N Energy 1 British thermal unit (Btu)=1.055×103 J Power 1 horsepower (hp)=746 W Pressure 1lb/in2=6.895×103 Pa Table 17.8. Other Units Length 1 light year(ly)=9.46×1015 m 1 astronomical unit(au)=1.50×1011 m 1 nautical mile=1.852 km 1 angstrom(Å)=10−10 m Area 1 acre(ac)=4.05×103 m2 1square foot(ft2)=9.29×10−2 m2 1 barn(b)=10−28 m2 Volume 1 liter(L)=10−3 m3 1 U.S. gallon(gal)=3.785×10−3 m3 Mass 1 solar mass=1.99×1030 kg 1 metric ton=103 kg 1 atomic mass unit(u)=1.6605×10−27 kg Time 1 year(y)=3.16×107 s 1 day(d)=86,400 s Speed 1 mile per hour(mph)=1.609km/h 1 nautical mile per hour(naut)=1.852km/h Angle 1 degree(°)=1.745×10−2 rad 1 minute of arc(')=1/60 degree 1 second of arc('')=1/60 minute of arc 1 grad=1.571×10−2 rad Energy 1 kiloton TNT(kT)=4.2×1012 J 1 kilowatt hour(kW⋅h)=3.60×106 J 1 food calorie(kcal)=4186 J 1 calorie(cal)=4.186 J 1 electron volt(eV)=1.60×10−19 J Pressure 1 atmosphere(atm)=1.013×105 Pa 1 millimeter of mercury(mmHg)=133.3 Pa 1 torricelli(torr)=1mmHg =133.3 Pa Nuclear decay rate 1 curie(Ci)=3.70×1010 Bq Table 17.9. Useful Formulae Circumference of a circle with radius r or diameter d C=2πr=πd Area of a circle with radius r or diameter d A=πr2=πd2/4 Area of a sphere with radius r A=4πr2 Volume of a sphere with radius r V=(4/3)(πr3)